I graduated from The New School for Social Research with a doctorate in clinical psychology. Subsequent to that, I completed a two-year National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) funded postdoctoral research fellowship at the National Development and Research Institutes (NDRI). I worked as a researcher at NDRI and at Beth Israel Medical Center and as a staff psychologist at The Project Return Foundation and The Blanton-Peale Counseling Center prior to joining the faculty at John Jay College. In addition to my research training, I have also received extensive postdoctoral training in substance abuse treatment and in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Most of my earlier scholarship focused on the treatment of schizophrenia, but most of my scholarship now focuses on the psychology and treatment of substance se disorders. I have been pursuing a line of research in order to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapeutic treatments for severe psychopathology, most notably for people with substance use disorders and comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder. I also conduct studies investigating the underlying psychological processes involved in comorbid substance use disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. Another area of my research is devoted to education and training issues in psychology generally and clinical psychology broadly. I approach most of my research from a psychodynamic perspective. I use a number of methods in my research including, meta-analysis, secondary data analysis, quasi-experimental, experimental, survey, and single-case designs. I conduct my primary clinical research at St. Luke's- Roosevelt Medical Center in New York City, where I am also a voluntary attending psychologist in the psychiatry department. In addition to my scholarly activities, I also maintain a private practice in psychotherapy and psychological testing, which is also located at Roosevelt Hospital.